Marketing Plan for Gelato Essay

Executive Summary As the amelioration of living standard, the requirement in quality of life also improved. Accordingly, people do not only satisfy their basic needs, but also seek for a sense of relish. The notice of this Epicureanism enhances the idea of commencing GELATO. GELATO will be the leading ice cream manufacturer and wholesaler in territory 30. GELATO will produce three products for three different segments; family, gourmet and lifestyle. Each product will have different tastes, cream content, packaging†¦etc. Each of these features will be further discussed in this marketing plan. Ice cream is a seasonal product, due to this seasonal impact, GELATO’s marketing mix; the 4Ps (Product, Promotion, Price and Place) will change in different seasons. In general speaking, summer (period 7-9) is our peak season of sales while the others are off peak season. During the peak season, GELATO’s product will change in terms of flavour, scheduled production, packaging and cream content; there will be detailed information in the product part of this marketing plan. In promotion, the sales team size and promotion budget of each segment will change in the peak season, more salesperson and greater promotion budget will be used during the peak season, also different promotion campaign will be used. The third one is Price; the prices of 3 products are not the same, different segments have different purchasing power, for example, family has a relatively low purchasing power when compared to the other two segments (Gourmet and Lifestyle), so the price set for family segment is the lowest. Lastly, Place, in this case is how and where we sell our ice cream. There are two distribution channels, supermarket and specialty stores. In different seasons, the portion of products sells in these two channels will vary as to  maximize the number of sales. It will be further discussed in the later part of this plan. Target Market The target market of GELATO is separated into three main market segments, which are: Ø Family: adults and kids make up this segment; they demand good value for money. Ø Gourmet: young single/couples with no kids, ice-cream is about ego. Ø Lifestyle: older people and younger women, they are watching their diet for one reason or another. Each of these segments has 3 segment varieties, which can have quite different characteristics, different consumption patterns and different product preferences. The family segment Demographics: adults and kids male and female single and couple Geographic: the company is operating in Territory 30 Behaviours: ice-cream would satisfy consumer’s physiological needs and personal needs in this segment. At the beginning, about 60% of total potential sales are from customers in this segment. Consumers in this segment prefer products that offer value for  money, but don’t mind paying a bit more provided the quality is good. However, if the prices get too high, they will quickly move to alternative brands. So the consumers in this segment have strong preferences for lower priced brands of the same or similar quality. Also, consumers in this segment purchase ice-cream for other members of their household including partners and children. This affects these consumers’ decisions regarding package size. Furthermore, children in this segment may have the main impact on the food purchasing behaviours, and children’s need is also the major factor in determining brand selection in a number of product categories. So the promotion campaign and package in this segment may forces on children’s flavours. The gourmet segment Demographics: between 25 and 40 years old male and female double income single with no children Geographic: the company is operating in Territory 30 Behaviours: ice-cream would satisfy consumer’s personal needs in this segment. At the beginning of the simulation, only 10% of total potential sales are from this segment. That means there are few consumers in this segment actually buy ice-cream, those that do are probably quite dissatisfied with what is available. So the company has considerable opportunity to grow actual market size by introducing products that meet this segment’s need. The gourmet segment is very different from the family segment. They are young, and generally have no children, so they have a strong preference for  high quality products and are quite happy to pay premium prices for brand that can deliver this. This segment is most attracted to status products and is more likely to be influences by appeals to their ego rather than basic needs. So the prices in this segment can set in the premium range prices, the promotion campaign and the packaging would more likely to be fashion and feel younger to satisfy young people’s higher level of needs. The lifestyle segment Demographics: over 55 years old, as well as small group of women aged between 25 and 45 male and female restricted income old couple living without children Geographic: the company is operating in Territory 30 Behaviours: ice-cream would satisfy consumer’s personal needs in this segment. At the beginning, this market segment represents about 30% of the total potential sales. In the current years, there are few ice-cream produces on the markets that are designed for this segment, because of there are increasing group of consumer in this segment are more concerned and aware of the implications of diet on their health. Most of there consumers do not buy ice=cream as a consequence, such as they thought ice-cream have high calories and not good for health. The majority of this segment is in the empty nest stage of the lifestyle, children having grown up and left home. So when this subgroup buys ice-cream it is for them, not their children. This segment is most concerned about the  actual product and in particular the fat and sugar content. They want a product that is satisfying but with reduced negative health impacts when compared to standard ice-cream. So the products to satisfy this type of people must be low cream content. Also the promotion campaign and packaging need to make them feel health, and let them to believe that ice-cream is not that bad for health. Objectives Marketing is an opportunity to communicate a vision, foster relationships, build sales and establish an unmistakable brand identity. Success in business requires good planning and a marketing plan is a holistic business tool that defines the product, income objectives, and specific operating procedures necessary to achieve the goal of profitability. Time period: 12 months Measurable objective: Our marketing plan seeks to generate a significant increase in company sales, units sales and market shares. Retained earnings The first mission is trying to achieve positive after tax profit at the end of the first 5 periods. At the end of financial year, the company retained earnings will be expected over $10 millions, and probably achieve target of $13 millions. Unit Sales In the duration of 12 months, the combination product sales unit from three segments targets at 13 millions, with expected sales revenues of $91,000,000.  · The target Unites sales and sales revenues for each segment as below Family Gourmet Lifestyle Total Total Units Sales 3,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 =13,000,000 Total revenue $21,000,000 $42,000,000 $28,000,000 =$91,000,000 Market shares Moreover, as the higher the market shares, represents better performance of GELATO. The final object is to expend the market shares of the company, and the expectation will be increasing market share by 30% in the territory 30 in the duration of 12 months through effective marketing strategies. Non-Measurable objective: Moreover, GELATO also pursues to be environmental-friendly Company. GELATO pursues to be environmental-friendly by using Plastic containers, which can be reused with other purposes when consumers finished the ice-cream consumption. Product The product is the physical product offered to the customer. In the case of physical products, it also refers to any services or conveniences that are part of the offering. Product decisions include aspects such as scheduled production, product strategy, and packaging. Early stage stages (July to November) In the beginning of startup operation, the only one product would launch in  family segment. To begin business operation period 1 to period 3, we scheduled sufficient inventory (325,000 units) to sell in order to avoid overtime cost. However, lots of inventory was left unsold and stored in warehouse, caused over scheduling and increased expense of stocking cost. In the following period GELATO adjusted the scheduled production in family segment. Also, we launched new products to new target segments which are gourmet and lifestyle. During period 5, lots of family segment stocks were left unsold. GELATO stopped scheduled for family segment. As launched new products to new target segment, the stocks for both segment were under scheduled resulted the appearance of overtime cost. Hence, GELATO scheduled 200,000 units which 4 times larger than prior period. Stepped into summer, peak season, GELATO scheduled total stocks of 1,650,000 for 3 segments to handle gradually increase in demand of ice-cream and satisfy customer needs. GELATO scheduled Entering Peak Season (December to January) Period 6 had stepped into the peak season that was the beginning of summer time. GELATO expected the sales would steadily increase demand of ice-cream; we scheduled total 1,650,000 units for 3 segments. The sufficient scheduled production reduced unnecessary operating cost, overtime cost. In the period 7, we scheduled 2,600,000 units for the peak summer seasons. This period was the highest scheduled production in the overall periods. We scheduled the most inventory for the gourmet segment, second is lifestyle, then family segment. Prediction for Period 8 to 12 Prediction in Peak Season (February-March) During period 8 to 9, we predicted that the sales will still remain in the relative high region. GELATO would continue keeping scheduled production for each segment. But, the scheduled production would gradually decrease in each period. Prediction in Off Peak Season (April-June) Coming into off peak, the sales will gradually decrease as ice-cream is a seasonal product. In period 10, our scheduled production will reduce in each target segment. In period 11 and period 12, the planned production will remain unchanged in this low sales season. Product Strategy GELATO delivers market-wanted products to the target market that can be satisfy customers in a variety of dimensions, for instance, flavour, cream content, portion and portion size. To meet our target customer expectation, we continuously carry out consumer taste test research in each segment to monitor the external environment. GELATO will adjust the launch products that meet their new expectation.

Defence Mechanisms in Guajiro Personality and Culture Essay

Defence is all efforts of the ego to render inoperative and instinctual wish or impulse. The instinctual object choice produces neurotic anxiety because it clashes with the superego, which arises from the internalisation of the parent’s moral values. Defences protect the individual from experiencing anxiety either by detaching the forbidden wish from conscious awareness or by distorting or falsifying its true meaning. Several methods were used in collecting data for this study. Structured methods of observation and interviewing were used to gather information relevant to behavioural systems having transtructural significance, such as sex, aggression, and responsibility. Rorschach and TAT tests were administered to supplement these data and to aid in uncovering elements and relationships in the personality that were not readily observable, especially in the areas of affective behaviour, cognitive organization and defensive functioning. This study called â€Å"Defence Mechanisms in Guajiro Personality and Culture† by Lawrence C. Watson conducted with Guajiro Indian subjects came up with exceptional results. Some general characteristics of defence mechanisms in the Guajiro society were found: * All of the basic defence mechanisms are present but some are more important than others. * All defence mechanisms assume a well-defined culturally defined form. * Defence mechanisms cluster around a few systems of behaviour that are most conflict-ridden culture. * Variations in the deployment of psychic defences are, to a degree, a function of a person’s age, sex, occupation and class position. * There is a basic continuity in defence functioning from one stage to another in the life cycle of the individual. This study shows that defence mechanisms formulated by Freud have widespread, if not universal occurrence in human personality processes, irrespective of variations in cultural context. It also shows that in every unique social setting, cultural factors determine the form in which defensive behaviour comes to be expressed. This study also gave the result which says that defence functioning must be studied in relationship to other prevailing modal personality factors (e.g., superego strength, level of emotional control, etc.), since it is quite  likely that certain defensive properties will be found only if they are compatible with these other elements.

Manage Personal Work Priorities and Professional Development

Student Name: Malik Daniyal Student id: STD02067 Project title: Manage personal work priorities and professional development Introduction:- In this project I m going to describe all about my future and recent planning and my goals and objectives. In which comes my dream , my futures goal , what I have to do for achieving my goal , how I can be successful and how I can fulfilled my and my family future dream. And what steps I have to take and which steps are not good for my future and how I should move step by step toward my destination.Where I am now and for achieving my goal what qualities I have and what I have to get and have to achieve. A Reflection Paper is a formal written presentation of a critical reflection about a specific issue. A reflection paper is truly a paper from the heart. To write one, I will be recounting, or reflecting upon, experiences I have had during a specific event. If I was an intern, it would be a paper about how I enjoyed it and what I learned.Explanatio n in Detail :- Q: what makes a good role model and how would I ensure that I acted as a role model for employees I supervise? A good role model is someone who can make positive choices on his or her own. They are a person that people especially young kids can look up to in hopes to follow in their footsteps. They do not have to be famous but as a whole, they need to live a life that allows people to want to achieve goals and try to do the right things.I think mentors should be role models, BUT a role model who hasn't forgotten where s/he came from, how s/he got to where s/he is now and always looking back to see if s/he can help those that came from the very same place and positive role model should be encouraging and must have ability to recognised the qualities of employees working under his/her and a positive role model should show his/her technical ability and time management skills as well. Q: what are the traits of an effective leader ? do I have these traits? How would I deve lop these traits? As a leader, I know how to identify each of my team member’s strongest skills and assets.Because you don’t expect each person on the team to excel in every area, you also know that it’s important to create a diverse group of people who balance and complement one another. Similarly, leaders have their own unique skills and specializations. Effective leaders often possess the following five traits :- 1. Focused:- To lead a team to success, leaders must possess an extraordinary amount of focus. It’s important to eliminate distractions from the work area. While leaders are often pulled in numerous directions simultaneously, they must be able to retain clear minds and focus on the things that matter. 2. Passionate:-It’s possible to teach someone to be a leader, but truly effective leaders are already passionate about what they do. Their enthusiasm and level of commitment can inspire our team members and motivate them to do better work. 3. Assertive:- As a leader, he have requirements for his team and goals that must be fulfilled. When team members aren’t meeting expectations, a leader must feel comfortable being assertive. Assertive leaders are firm and bold, unafraid to go after what they want. Such a level of certainty and confidence will serve both you and your team well as you tackle larger challenges and go after new goals. . Decisive:- Leaders are often called on to make big decisions, so it’s also important for us to be decisive. And Of course a decisive leader should never be confused with an impulsive one. A decisive leader carefully weighs the potential effects of each option and chooses the opportunity that works best for his or her team. To be decisive, you must also feel comfortable taking responsibility for the results of your choice. 5. Empowering:- Supporting my team is one of the best ways to encourage members to perform well. Empower each individual by making it clear that you trus t his or her judgment.Give people the authority they need to do their jobs well and show them an appropriate level of respect. Everyone have a good and effective role model and I have as well my teacher , he was a part time teacher now he is a professional IT manager , so I do learn most of the things from study and mostly from searching mostly from my teacher. Q: How would I ensure that my work goal and plan reflect the organisation’s goal and plans? The organization’s plans and goals are. Then I can assess whether your personal work plan is in line with the companies.I need to feel that yours and there’s harmonious and parallel and heading in the same direction for the successful at attaining the â€Å"big picture. My family is my role model as well, they have dream for me, which I have. They all want see me successful in the business and I m student in Australia and I am international student and my family send me here because Australia is the best country f or business study and for my aim study alot and have to give time every one and I have already planned everything for future till now to end and for achieving my goal have to go forward step by step.My family, my parents, sibling, friends all have same wish to see me to become businessman. They are important for me and my adjective, dream and wishes also so I give time every one, they all time stay in touch with me so they have much problem with to feel lonely for me. The things I have to do step by steps are given below:- I need some requirements to complete which are:- First in one year I will complete my * Diploma (1 year) * Bachelors (3 years) * Masters (1 year) * Internship (1 year) * Work in a company hen I will do bachelor in computer science, than I will do masters and then I will do internship and during internship will learn about my abilities, will learn about how to maintain work and life and will get experience and then I will work for some company and for that I will c omplete above mention things and then I will start work and work as a worker, or something after some time period will work as supervisor than as a manager and by working will get experience and will be able to do my own business. Q: How would I ensure that I meet my job responsibilities?While working I will get a lot of responsibilities and I will do my best and will do my work honestly and my main and common responsibility is to work hard and satisfy clients and customers and cooperative with all team members and others staff. Q: What is my personal learning style and how would I ensure that I took advantage of learning opportunities? Learning style is the way in which a person processes new information. Knowing my learning style can help me to make choices in the way you focus on and study new material. Below are fifteen statements that will help you assess your learning style.After reading each statement, rate you response to the statement using the scale below. Some types of le arning skill mostly every one fallow/use given below:- Types of Learning Styles Types of Learning Styles: The Three Main Types There are three main types of learning styles: auditory, visual, and kinaesthetic. Most people learn best through a combination of the three types of learning styles, but everybody is different. Auditory Learners: Hear Auditory learners would rather listen to things being explained than read about them.Reciting information out loud and having music in the background may be a common study method. Other noises may become a distraction resulting in a need for a relatively quiet place. Visual Learners: See Visual learners learn best by looking at graphics, watching a demonstration, or reading. For them, it’s easy to look at charts and graphs, but they may have difficulty focusing while listening to an explanation. Kinesthetic Learners: Touch Kinesthetic learners process information best through a â€Å"hands-on† experience. Actually doing an activi ty can be the easiest way for them to learn.Sitting still while studying may be difficult, but writing things down makes it easier to understand. By internship my knowledge will be increased and I will know to work and how to manage things and I will also learn new technologies such as all computer courses like coral draw, advertising , will learn new techniques new development and will learn all things bye peoples by visiting different companies by my teachers by roles models and this new things will help me in my work and I will gain a lot of work by this and my skill will be good and then while work my work progress ill be good and because of my performance I can get good pay , good job easy job, good feedback from company and customers , clients etc. and by doing practice will gain new skills , will make new things new software’s new ideas will generate and its will be good for my business. Mostly I use visual and auditory way to learn, I see and hear and learn by listeni ng and looking others. Q: How would I priorities work? I will give 45% time to work ad 30% to family and 15% to friends and 10% to myself.By dividing time and giving time to every one my life will not be disturb and nothing will go wrong, no one will have problem with me, and Managing work priorities and professional development requires me to be a positive role model; have good traits; ensure my work goals and plans reflect the organisation’s; meet my job responsibilities; maintain my personal performance; priorities my work; use technology to organize and manage my work; maintain a work-life balance; meet required competency standards; determine my developmental needs; take advantage of my learning opportunities; use feedback to improve my competence; use networks to increase my knowledge and develop relationships, and ensure that I acquire new skills to maintain my competitive edge. A good role model is someone who others can look up to and admire. They take leadership on the issues they believe in, influence the decisions of others and guide their actions.To ensure that I acted as a positive role model for my employees and everyone within the workplace, I will need to demonstrate the following steps: Firstly, I will have to set out a good example and present myself as to how I want others to present themselves. Everything I do from the way I dress to the way I speak will be imitated and emulated by others. If I am always late, then my staff will always be late. This is because I have already approved this behavior through my own actions. Thus, if I want my employees to be punctual then I need to go to work on time, if not earlier, so they can learn to do the same. The second step is to know the requirements of my staff as well as my own.As the supervisor, I am expected to know what I am doing. If I don’t know anything about the job then I am unable to teach my employees or guide them in the right direction. Thirdly, I will have to act consist ently with my work in order to avoid any confusion and frustration in the workplace. This means following the same standards I have set, not a different one each day. Q: How would I measure and maintain my personal performance? Besides an office at work, keep a personal office at home†¦ with privacy†¦ keep a work journal to reflect and observe problem areas, work toward being at the job you want to be at. , if that isn't possible, endure and do your part.Q: How would I use technology to organize and manage work? I use my cell phone to meet my priorities and commitments. I get all the information’s about meetings on my phone or in email or by txt or by call and it’s a quick and easy way and I also get my job alerts on my cell phone. Q: How would I ensure that I maintain a work / life balance? I use technology to manage my priorities and in commitments and I think the usage of the technology would be useful because this I use in my daily life and it’s ve ry helpful , and savage of time and also help in my college task and working task etc. Q: How would I determine my developmental needs? Development needs can be challenging.Often, I find myself looking at what training courses are available and deciding which of those would be most helpful. In fact, it is better to try and identify what the development need is and then to work out ways of meeting that need, which may or may not be a training course. Annual Review is a great opportunity to discuss your development needs with your line manager. I may be able to discuss the changing requirements of your role, as well as my personal development aspirations (for example, career development). It is important that I have considered my development needs before my Annual Review meeting as this will enable you to make the most of my discussion.Q: How would I gather feedback from other about my personal performance and how would I see this feedback to improve my competence? When I will work ve ry hard and by honestly so every onw will be happy with my work and they will give positive feedback and my all the workmates and my boss , all the staff and customers and clients etc they will give positive feedback for my work for managing time and work performance so I will be encourage and will do more hard work and feel good to do more hard work. Q: How would I use networks to increase my knowledge, gain new skills and develop relationship? Networking and informational interviewing are essential tools in the career exploration and job/internship search.Loosely defined, networking is a process of developing informal contacts and building relationships that provide you with knowledge, advice, information, and further contacts – all of which may allow me to tap into unadvertised opportunities. Informational interviewing is part of the networking process and is a way to strengthen my network. Both networking and informational interviewing include elements of the following: * Contacting people I know (and do not know) in order to find information about an industry, organization, or job/internship. * Asking individuals whom I contact for further relevant contacts in order to build your network. * Building relationships with people who can help the progress of your career exploration or internship/job search. Networking and informational interviewing work because they are proactive and driven by my initiative.Although there are many ways to find information about careers, jobs, and internships, speaking with people who are currently working in your field of interest provides you with the opportunity to engage in a substantive dialogue that other resources do not afford. Networking and informational interviewing allow me to get my questions answered and put you in touch with individuals who can give me ‘insider information’ on vacancies, industry or organizational culture, required skills, etc. All the people I know and the people they know as part of your existing network, which may include: * Relatives (and their friends) * Former employers * Friends (and their relatives) * Neighbours and community members * Alumni Professors and Advising Deans * Student organizations Q: How would I ensure that I acquired new skills to maintain my competitive edge? Today's work place is very competitive. I will need to have a variety of skills that will give me the competitive edge you need to succeed. To be competitive in today's work place you must be able to: * Listen Well:  Good  listening skills  make memore productive, help me to get along better with others, and allow me to work better in a team-based environment. * Know How to Use a Computer:  No matter what your job is, it's likely I will need to use a computer. It's important to make sure your  computer skills  are up-to-date. Write Effectively:  Whether your job requires to write short memos or lengthy reports, I must be able to communicate well in writing. * D eal With Crises at Work  Being able to  solve problems  quickly and seamlessly can set apart from others. * Manage Your Time:  Learning how to  manage your time effectively  will allow me to complete projects in a timely fashion. Conclusion :- From now it will take more than five years to achieve my goal. And my goal is to become a businessman in IT profession and for this I m going to follow three steps, completing my studies , gaining knowledge and experience and work in any company. References :- http://www. antiessays. com/free-essays/288895. html http://careerplanning. about. com/od/workplacesurvival/a/competitive. htm

Steve Jobs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Steve Jobs - Research Paper Example Jobs was smart but lacked vision and direction and hence he experimented with various pursuits before teaming up with Steve Wozniak in 1976 and therefore invented one of the first personal computers (Elliot & Simon, 2011). In addition, Steve Jobs was again a smart businessperson and therefore became a multimillionaire before attaining thirty years of age. Steve Jobs formed NeXT computers in 1984. He later purchased the division of computer graphics of Lucas film Ltd in 1986 and then started Pixar Animation Studios (Quinn & Tayal, 2012). Steve Jobs together with Steve Wozniak, who was the main designer, co-invented the Apple I and Apple II computers and others. The first line of personal computers that was noted as commercially successful is Apple II (Blumenthal, 2012). Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and others, in 1984, co-invented the Apple Macintosh computer, which was again the first successful personal computer that had a graphic user that is mouse-driven (Isaacson, 2011). From the above introduction it is evident that Steve jobs is one of the people who came up with innovations that changed the world in one way or another. Due to his influence music industries and mostly in the technology, he received several honors and public recognitions. He has been therefore referred to with numerous titles, according to Young, 1998, such as "legendary", a "futurist" and a "visionary" person, and has also been described as the "Father of the Digital Revolution", a "master of innovation", "the master evangelist of the digital ag e" and a "design perfectionist"(Blumenthal, 2012). He was born to two University of Wisconsin graduate students, Abdulfattah "John" Jandali and, Joanne Schieble, who was later known as Joanne Simpson on 24th February, 1955, in San Francisco, California (Isaacson, 2011). His parents gave him up for adoption and was therefore adopted and raised by Paul jobs and Clara who named him Steven Paul Jobs. Paul was

Nutrition and Nursing Fundamentals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nutrition and Nursing Fundamentals - Assignment Example An anticoagulant is a medication taken mainly by people who experience health problems caused by blood clots in the body, such as strokes, deep vein thrombosis and other related cases as a blood thinner. It is mostly injected under the skin as it comes in a solution form. Only a health provider can administer this drug since its dosage varies with different patients. Like any other drug, this medication has its side effects. The effects are a rash or itching at the injection point, makes a patient experience dizziness, confusion and sleepiness as it affects the nervous system. Cases of low blood pressure are also extremely common in patients who are on anticoagulant medication. It is an exceptionally strong medication hence it's severe side effects that a patient has to cope with in the treatment process. They are situations where this drug can interact with some food types taken by a patient. Foods such as Kale, broccoli, spinach and tulip greens which are recommended by nutritionists as good blood-boosting supplements in a diet contain vitamin K. This vitamin reduces the effectiveness of anticoagulants as it produces blood- clotting substances. Therefore, in this case, the interaction of the drug and the food may have negative impacts on a patient. A patient is advised to avoid foods containing vitamin K as well as vitamin E as they prolong clotting time. From this research, it is clear that food and drug interactions can have negative impacts on the health of a patient. Therefore, medical practitioners should give advice to patients on what foods to avoid when on medication. This would create awareness to patients since many of them take drugs with foods that interact. This poses them to severe health related issues even when on  medication.

Operations Research Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Operations Research - Case Study Example These components may be: How the company provides service Attitude or behavior of the dealers of the company Does the company meet the deadline of the orders Packing of the supplied items, etc. These factors play vital role in the business of any company. If a company simply considers these components and focus to improve these areas, reputation and goodwill of the company will take a breakthrough obviously. COMPETETIVE FACTORS OF TOYOTA: Toyota is a company manufacturing four wheel vehicles. There can be many key components affecting the performance and progress of Toyota's name. These components include the following: 1. Genuine parts 2. chemicals 3. Toyota Genuine Motor Oil These three components can further be described as following: 1. Break pad kits 2. Oil filters 3. Air cleaner 4. Arm and Bracket 5. Fuel Pump 6. Fuel Filter 7. Spark Plug 8. Genuine Gear Oil 9. Automatic Transmission Fuel 10. Genuine Break Fluid 11. Long Life Oolent 12. Suspension Fluid 13. Different Motor Oils These are the components are the basic components that affect the performance of the vehicles manufactured by Toyota. These 13 parts can be different for different types of vehicles. It is Toyota's Operations strategy how it deals with the miniaturization and production of these all components. Toyota has its competitors such as Suzuki who provides vehicles on comparatively low prices. Now Toyota requires a strong Supply chain to sustain its market. The aim of Toyota is to provide quality products. The company can use different techniques to differentiate its services as better through applying different strategies such as JIT (Just in time) and Supply-Chain Management. COMPETETIVE ELEMENTS OF Ikea: Ikea is a service providing company. It provides home based...If the organization is a manufacturer company, the competitive factors must be the products' components or parts used in manufacturing or preparation of the item/product. Whereas the competitive factors of a service providing company are clearly the elements included in their service. These components may be: These factors play vital role in the business of any company. If a company simply considers these components and focus to improve these areas, reputation and goodwill of the company will take a breakthrough obviously. These are the components are the basic components that affect the performance of the vehicles manufactured by Toyota. These 13 parts can be different for different types of vehicles. It is Toyota's Operations strategy how it deals with the miniaturization and production of these all components. Toyota has its competitors such as Suzuki who provides vehicles on comparatively low prices. Now Toyota requires a strong Supply chain to sustain its market. The aim of Toyota is to provide quality products. There can be many fundamental or key components of Ikea that are most important to be given special focus and attention. The aim and objective of Ikea is to provide their services all over the world. These components might be: "We've had an overriding philosophy in place that we want to produce our vehicles w

Problem Identification Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Problem Identification Paper - Essay Example The information is stored in the database in a systematic way so that it can be easily retrieved whenever required through queries by the reporting module. Data capturing is done through user-friendly screens depending upon the type of data. The entire system is being protected by a user level password to enable different assigned activities so that no intruder can access the data. The user for this application is a person who wants to generate a new web enabled dynamic content application and not the end user working at the client side. Feasibility study is an important phase in the software development process. It enables the developer to have an assessment of the product being developed. It refers to the feasibility study of the product in terms of outcomes of the product, operational use and technical support required for implementing it. It refers to the benefits or outcomes. We are deriving from the product as compared to the total cost we are spending for developing the product. If the benefits are more or less the same as the older system, then it is not feasible to develop the product. In the present system, the development of the new product greatly enhance the accuracy of the system and cuts short the delay in the processing of Birth and Death application. The errors can be greatly reduced and at the same time providing great level of security. Hence, we do not need any additional equipment except memory of required capacity. No need of spending money on client for maintenance because the database used is web enabled database. It refers to the feasibility of the product to be operational. Some products may work very well at design and implementation but may fall in the real time environment. It includes the study of additional human resources required and their technical expertise. The present system is used for different

Business LAw 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business LAw 2 - Assignment Example Introduction General partnership is a business organization in which two or more persons come together to form a business with the aim of realizing profits. In opting for this form of business organization, we considered several factors in the formation of businesses and opted for this form of business given the several flexibility associated with the business. These include; during the formation of the business, the legal requirements are not tedious and lengthy (Dobson, & Stokes, 2008). One undergoes few legal formalities and the business will be granted the permission to legal exist as opposed to other forms of business organization like the limited companies. In the partnership, the partners are directly involved in the daily running of the business and have the opportunity to acclimatize with the requirement of the business and ensure efficient and smooth running of the business (Fletcher, 2002). In addition to these, there are also different expertise brought together in runnin g of the business hence specialization and division of labor. Policies of the Company during Formation During the formation of the company (partnership), we will have to form the reference policies that will be used for the daily running of the business. ... In this sense, the profit or losses realized in the business will be shared according to the assets and capita contributed during the formation of the business. II. Division of Duty and Responsibilities The duties in the partnership will be equally divided given the number of the partners in the business. In the business, there will be no dormant partner and expenditures incurred following outsourced labor will be considered liabilities of the partners of the business (Gage, 2004). III. Dissolution of the partnership Partnership will be in existence until such a time that the following hypothetical situations stipulated in this agreement realized; death of a partner, when the business run into bankruptcy, and when declared by court of law as engaging in unscrupulous business (Hall, 1984). During the dissolution f the partnership, the business assets and the profit or losses will be shared according to the stipulation given by the clause describing Capital and profit sharing. IV. Inco rporation of the new Partners The partnership will remain open for the incorporation of new partnership given they make asset and capital contribution equivalent to those already in the business. The contribution of each partner will be proportionately be determined and profit and losses shared according to the proportion made in the contribution (Lowe, 1999). Policies on the Breach of sale and Purchase of Products In the partnership business and just like any other business, there are sales and purchase of products. These operations in the business require that certain terms and conditions be made and the parties have to adhere to them, failure to

Writing a Search Warrant (CCJS assignment) Term Paper

Writing a Search Warrant (CCJS assignment) - Term Paper Example Following these investigations, and subsequent arrests, the campaign against drugs and substance abuse has been highly supported. Following the undertaken investigations, he has also issued several search warrants for individuals and premises believed to hub individuals engaging in narcotics business. Your affiant has contributed significantly to the improvement of the antinarcotics campaign, through numerous arrests and subsequent convictions of suspects. Your affiant possesses surmountable knowledge and has undergone extensive training in antinarcotics law enforcement from numerous antinarcotics agencies. Your affiant understands the operations involved in the narcotics business, and the various methods utilised by criminals involved in the business. He clearly knows that evidence regarding contacts and business transactions is normally retained and held within residential premises by traders. Such evidence includes but is not limited to telephone contacts, invoices of purchase of different items utilised in undertaking the business, among others. Personal properties like mobile phones and laptops used in communication could also contain potential evidence regarding communications between trading partners. It is also common among the individuals to reside in rented premises, which make it difficult for criminals to be tracked by involved authorities. Most narcotics criminals also register their personal properties under different names, including names of their children, spouses and close relatives and friends. Within the course of the last 5 days, reliable information received by your affiant has revealed the presence of narcotics activities along Queensway Drive, suit number 3758. The confidential informant has observed frequent suspicious activities involving movement of what are believed to be drug peddlers, in and out of this premise. The CI who has provided this information remains one of the most reliable sources of information by the antinarcotics pol ice department. Over the many years he/she has been providing such information, none of the information provided has ever failed to yield fruitful results. These include arrests, and subsequent convictions of many of the suspects investigated. Photographs of suspected drug peddlers around the premises have been provided by the CI, and your affiant is in possession of the same. A check on the individuals in the provided pictures has revealed some have been involved in various criminal offenses in different parts of the country. One of the individuals has been charged with being in possession of illegal drugs. According to the existing drug regulations provided by the Drug Enforcement Administration, federal police departments have been empowered to undertake investigations of suspected drug smugglers. This affidavit has been issued in line with the provisions of drug laws within the United States federal laws on drugs1. In accordance to the requirement for further investigations to be undertaken, a search warrant has been issued for properties suspected to be involved in the illegal drug smuggling business. Attached to this affidavit are the search warrant and the document describing the premises under investigation and the suspected substances being searched in the premises (Departmentofjustice). Attachment A The premises can be described as a residential apartment building Queensway Drive suit number 3758. The particular building has been described as an apartment five storied residential blocks. On the front side of the building, the walls have red bricks, while the backside the building has been painted jungle green. The building stands directly opposite another apartment block consisting of sky blue walls. The most prominent feature of the

BIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY OF 3 INDEPENDENT FILM PRODUCERS

BIOGRAPHICAL OF 3 INDEPENDENT FILM PRODUCERS - Essay Example He was one of those famous personalities who dropped out the university due to poor grades! This could be well judged by his saying, Mentoring relationship is considered as a main entity for famous personalities who make them get a competitive edge. Same with case of film industry, every producer, director etc. needs a mentor. Allen’s mentor is Ingmar Bergman who is always there to offer him support, guidance and inspiration. Woody Allen was personally inspired by famous characters such as Charlie Chaplin, Fellini and Bergman. His most of the movies were the result of his motivation gained through New York City and European cinema. His earlier profession started when he began writing scripts for â€Å"the Ed Sullivan show, the tonight show and Caesar’s Hour†. His career as a â€Å"stand-up comedian† started in 1960. Through his unique style of writing and acting he soon gain fame as a popular comedian on screen and stage both (Woody Allen). His debut film as director released in 1966 What’s Up Tiger Lily? After that various movies directed by him include Take the money and run, followed by his hit movies Annie Hall, the purple rose of Cairo, Match Point and Hannah and her sisters. These romantic-comedies won academy awards. Later on, 1970s was the era of his personal movies which got extended to dark comedic suspense movies in 1990s. He managed secured funding through various financial support offered through BBC, his filming locations such as New York, United Kingdom and by casting famous rich personalities in his movies like France’s first lady Carla Bruni. Allen’s artistic philosophies had many roots. He always thought about how far we people know, understand what we knew, sure enough of what we know and consider them knowing worthwhile! He always highlighted the facts that people are afraid to share or expose to others. He also focused on the dark secrets of nature

Letter of Recommendation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Letter of Recommendation - Essay Example She has a solid knowledge base of the types of the appropriate injections for patients. She is a very skillful employee and during her time here at the hospital she had the opportunity to learn about patients from diverse backgrounds and who had a wide variety of illnesses. These health issues ranged from physical injuries, emergency health situations, and timely patient care provision. In my professional opinion, she would excel in any hospitals’ emergency department as she is tireless in providing quality support to doctors. She also excels at all tasks given to her throughout her shift. While working with us she showed superior problem-solving skills and an outstanding critical thinking ability which was evident in the way she managed various situations that she encountered in the hospital. Her ability to make quick and wise decisions in carrying out her functions even under high-stress environments is unsurpassed. She is diligent in giving medications and referrals to patients, and she worked around the x-ray duties remarkably. She is a hardworking lady and did exemplary work with the patients. She always took her time to take the vital signs readings of all the patients whenever they came to the doctor’s room. Her interest in monitoring the blood pressure and pulse of the patients, as well as their temperature showed that she took the required steps in diagnosing patients. She was always eager to find out what various readings of vitals meant and it took her very little time to manage to recognize a hypertension patient. This lady is an avid learner and a team player, keen on ways to improve herself to better suit both the patient’s and hospital needs. She is very dependable in her work, having impeccable case notes that are always up to date. She holds herself highly in matters regarding ethics and integrity. Her daily routine involved her interacting with patients,

History of Plato Essay Example for Free

History of Plato Essay Plato was born around the year 428 BCE into an established Athenian household with a rich history of political connections including distant relations to both Solon and Pisistratus. Platos parents were Ariston and Perictone, his older brothers were Adeimantus and Glaucon, and his younger sister was Potone. In keeping with his family heritage, Plato was destined for the political life. But the Peloponnesian War, which began a couple of years before he was born and continued until well after he was twenty, led to the decline of the Athenian Empire. The war was followed by a rabid conservative religious movement that led to the execution of Platos mentor, Socrates. Together these events forever altered the course of Platos life. The biographical tradition is unanimous in its observation that Plato engaged in many forms of poetry as a young man, only later turning to philosophy. Aristotle tells us that sometime during Platos youth the philosopher-to-be became acquainted with the doctrines of Cratylus, a student of Heraclitus, who, along with other Presocratic thinkers such as Pythagoras and Parmenides, provided Plato with the foundations of his metaphysics and epistemology. Upon meeting Socrates, however, Plato directed his inquiries toward the question of virtue. The formation of a noble character was to be before all else. Indeed, it is a mark of Platos brilliance that he was to find in metaphysics and epistemology a host of moral and political implications. How we think and what we take to be real have an important role in how we act. Thus, Plato came to believe that a philosophical comportment toward life would lead one to being just and, ultimately, happy. It is difficult to determine the precise chain of events that led Plato to the intricate web of beliefs that unify metaphysics, epistemology, ethics and politics into a single inquiry. We can be certain, however, that the establishment of a government by Sparta (after the chaos of Athens final defeat in 404), and the events that followed, dramatically affected the direction of his thinking. Following the turmoil of the war, a short eight month oligarchical tyranny known as the Thirty Tyrants governed Athens. Two of Platos relatives, Critias (his mothers uncle) and Charmides (his mothers brother) played roles in this regime. Critias was identified as one of the more extreme members and chief advocate of the government, while Charmides played a smaller role as one of the Eleven, a customs/police force which oversaw the Piraeus. The oligarchy made a practice of confiscating the estates of wealthy Athenians and resident aliens and of putting many individuals to death. In an effort to implicate Socrates in their actions, the Thirty ordered him to arrest Leon of Salamis. Socrates, however, resisted and was spared punishment only because a civil war eventually replaced the Thirty with a new and most radical democracy. A general amnesty, the first in history, was issued absolving those who participated in the reign of terror and other crimes committed during the war. But because many of Socrates associates were involved with the Thirty, public sentiment had turned against him, and he now had the reputation of being profoundly anti-democratic. In what appears to be a matter of guilt-by-association, a general prejudice was ultimately responsible for bringing Socrates to trial in 399 on the charges of corrupting the youth, introducing new gods into the city, atheism, and engaging in unusual religious practices. During his trial, which is documented in Platos Apology, Socrates explained that he had no interest to engage in politics, because a certain divine sign told him that he was to foster a just and noble lifestyle within the young men of Athens. This he did in casual conversations with whomever he happened to meet on the streets. When Socrates told the court that if set free, he would not stop this practice, claiming that he must follow the voice of his god over the dictates of the state, the court found him guilty (though by a narrow margin), and he was executed one month later. This final sequence of events must have weighed heavily on Plato, who then turned away from politics, somewhat jaded by the unjust behavior of the Thirty, disappointed by the follies of the democracy, and forever affected by the execution of Socrates. At this point Plato left Attica with other friends of Socrates and spent the next twelve years in travel and study. During this period, he sought out the philosophers of his day. He met with the wise-men, priests, and prophets of many different lands, and he apparently studied not only philosophy but geometry, geology, astronomy, and religious matters. His exact itinerary is not known, but the earliest accounts report that Plato left Athens with Euclides and went to Megara from where he went to visit Theodorus in Cyrene. From there he went to Italy to study with the Pythagoreans (including Philolaus and Echecrates mentioned in the Phaedo), and then after Italy he went to Egypt. Whether or not Plato began to write philosophical dialogues prior to Socrates execution is a matter of debate. But most scholars agree that shortly after 399 Plato began to write extensively. Although the order in which his dialogues were written is a matter of strong debate, there is some consensus about how the Platonic corpus evolved. This consensus divides Platos writings into three broad groups. The first group, generally known as the Socratic dialogues, was probably written between the years 399 and 387. These texts are called Socratic because here Plato appears to remain relatively close to what the historical Socrates advocated and taught. One of these, the Apology, was probably written shortly after the death of Socrates. The Crito, Laches, Lysis, Charmides, Euthyphro, Hippias Minor and Major, Protagoras, Gorgias and Ion, were probably written throughout this twelve year period as well, some of them, like the Protagoras and Gorgias, most likely at its end. Plato was forty the first time he visited Italy. Shortly thereafter, he returned to Athens and founded the Academy, located nearly a mile outside the city walls and named after the Attic hero Academus. The Academy included a nice grove of trees, gardens, a gymnasium and many shrines including one dedicated to Athena herself, the goddess of the city. Plato created his own cult association, setting aside a portion of the Academy for his purposes and dedicating his cult to the Muses. Soon this school became rather well-known on account of its common meals and sympotic lifestyle, modified, of course, to suit a new agenda. Indeed, Platos Academy was famed for its moderate eating and talk as well as all the appropriate sacrifices and religious observances. Overshadowing all of that was, of course, its philosophical activity. It seems that over the next twenty six years Platos philosophical speculation became more profound and his dramatic talents more refined. During this period, what is sometimes called Platos middle or transitional period, Plato could have written the Meno, Euthydemus, Menexenus, Cratylus, Republic, Phaedrus, Symposium and Phaedo. These texts differ from the earlier in that they tend toward the grand metaphysical speculation that provides us with many hallmarks of Platonism, such as the method of hypothesis, the recollection theory and, of course, the theory of ideas, or forms, as they are sometimes called. In 367 Dionysus of Syracuse died, leaving his son as the supreme ruler of a growing empire. Dion, his uncle and guardian, persuaded young Dionysus II to send for Plato, who was to serve as his personal tutor. Upon arriving, Plato found the situation unfavorable for philosophy, though he attempted to teach the young ruler anyway. In 365, Syracuse entered into war, and Plato returned to Athens. (Around the same time, Platos most famous pupil, Aristotle, entered the Academy. ) In 361, Dion wrote Plato begging him to return. Reluctantly, Plato did so, setting out on his third and final voyage to Italy. But the situation had deteriorated beyond hope. Plato was soon spirited out of Syracuse from where he went back to Athens. We know little of the remaining thirteen years in Platos life. Probably sick of his wanderings and misfortunes in Sicily, Plato returned to the philosophical life of the Academy and, most likely, lived out his days conversing and writing. During this period, Plato could have written the so-called later dialogues, the Parmenides, Theatetus, Sophist, Statesman, Timaeus, Critias, Philebus and Laws, in which Socrates plays a relatively minor role and the metaphysical speculation of the middle dialogues is meticulously scrutinized. Plato died in 347, leaving the Academy to Speusippus, his sisters son. The Academy served as the model for institutions of higher learning until it was closed by the Emperor Justinian in 529 CE, almost one thousand years later.

Womens Democracatisation and Democracy in India

Womens Democracatisation and Democracy in India Problematising Democracatisation and Democracy in India Visions of political development demands/desires democracy and participation as innate to its discourse. Development in this sense thus needs democratic decisions making, informed and active civil society and inclusive political structure to reach its goal. In the Indian context the process of democratization with inclusive participation is desired through the 73rd- 74th amendment Act of Indian constitution, 1992. The Act fosters the strengthening of local government by creating opportunities for inclusive participation. It provides rights to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and women, the most marginalised in the hierarchical Indian society to participate in local government. Aiming to redress the gender and caste inequities the Act provides 33% reservation to the aforementioned categories to participate in local bodies. Post implementation of the Act that has now passed sixteen years, womens participation has been remarkably visible. This has recently resulted in Union cabinet approving a proposal of a constitutional amendment bill for increasing quota (50%) for women in Panchayats at all tiers (DNA 29th August, 2009). Media reports estimate more than 1.4 million women to occupy 2,52,000 Panchayat seats in future. It also states, at present out of the total elected representatives of panchayat numbering around 2.8 million, 36.87% are women. The Panchayat raj ministry report indicates a significant role played by reservation in bringing women into mainstream (ibid). According to this report, about four-fifth of all women representatives in panchayat elections got elected from reserved seats and about 83% of them entered politics through quota. Positive impact of entering politics and working as a panchayat raj functionary is visible as 79% of women representatives reported better self-esteem, 81% rep orted confidence building and 74% stated increase of decision-making abilities (ibid). Such a positive report gives a picture of better and inclusive governance that India is moving towards by applying gender and development approach. This step foresees increased active-participation of women in public sphere and their empowerment. However, we need to look critically at the political participation that is envisioned and the actual implementation. Would political participation also facilitate womens participation at decision-making? What would participation entail especially for Dalit women in terms of the dire consequences of their earnest assertion to realize their rights? What is the role that the 73rd Amendment Act envisages for Scheduled Caste and what is the role they end up playing? At the backdrop of increased efforts from the state for inclusive governance these are the lines of enquiry I intend to draw upon.   Dr. Ambedkar in the constituent Assembly, 1948 expressed his views on Indian villages What is a village but a sink of localism, a den of ignorance, narrow mindedness and communalism? (Mathew,G. Nayak,R.1996: 1). He questioned the why should the village become the locus of the political structure?(Palanithurai 2003: 27) Villages ruled by its dominant elites and upper caste have been very conservative and are based on traditional caste structure. Local self government thus would reinforce the villages as unites of elite captures exploiting the downtrodden at grassroots. Problem Statement/Justification/Purpose of research: Sixteen years of the passing of the 73rd constitutional amendment Act has brought about a remarkable change in local governance. The formal participation and involvement of Dalit and women has increased in local politics. At this juncture there is a need to undertake a reality check. Does formal participation means actual representation of Dalit women? Is the process of political participation inclusive and empowering? Does assertion of Dalit women leads to violence against them as they are not meant to participate actively? The paper looks at Dalit womens experiences of political participation in panchayat raj and its impact on their empowerment. My interest in the issue of Dalit women comes from a number of different sources. First, from a personal experience as inter alia a Dalit woman. I, see several facets to the Dalit womens experiences having been brought up with this identity and being from the same background. Secondly, experience of working with civil society organisations on Gender Justice and rights of Dalit women during the graduation as a part of field work, internship with CHR and volunteering in Dalit movement in India drew my attention to Dalit womens issues more prominently. During the process I met Dalit women activists from rural Maharashtra working at grass-roots and saw the constant problems they faced for they challenged the systemic oppression. The intersectionality of caste and gendered hierarchy that gets intensified as Dalit women enter the public sphere came forward as a new learning. The socio-cultural positioning and significantly the caste-class-gender interplay make Dalit womens experiences specific. I therefore wanted to document the experiences of Dalit women who enter the public sphere for the first time through formal mean such as political participation. Finally and most importantly my focus on Dalit womens political participation in Panchayat is because at policy level although the introduction of reservation to marginalised groups (Women, SCs, STs) at local body envisions inclusive democracy and better governance, in practice the local level politics is a crudest unit of oppression. Thus the need to study Dalit womens experiences of political participation arose from my own understanding and experience of the issue as well as Specificity of Being Dalit Women: Intersectionality Dalit women in India today number 80.517 million or approximately 48% of the total Dalit population, 16% of the total female population and 8% of the total Indian Population (Irudayam et al., 2006:1). Dalit women face discrimination on a daily basis, as a Dalit, as women and as a poor they are in extremely vulnerable position (National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights 2006:1). Dalit women make majority of unorganised labourer in urban settings and landless labourers in rural. Systemic violence against Dalit women can be seen as a mechanism to keep Dalit in a subordinated position. It is built in to the structure of the dominant society, which does not acknowledge the basic human rights of Dalit in general and Dalit women in particular. There is a clash between the expected role of Dalit women and the role they achieve because of the differential ways in which they negotiate their social status and gender norms. The new public role that the 1992 Act assigns them generates a clash betwee n traditional norms and the achieved political rights of Dalit women. Dalit women who have the ambition to occupy a political position frequently encounter resistance from the society. General discouragement becomes violence as soon as they show too much initiative, speak up and gain support from the larger community. Political participation for Dalit women is seen as a threat by the dominant caste groups. Dalit womens entry in politics is perceived as them securing entitlement to public resources. Strong Casteist and patriarchal biases against Dalit result in violent attacks, restraining Dalit women from exercising their rights through various mechanisms. There fore at academic level, I believe there is an urgent need to study the experiences of Dalit women participating in politics. It is at the village level that caste and gendered hierarchy plays out in crudest forms) With this premise I form objectives of my study the broad objective being: Study the experiences of Dalit womens right to political participation in rural Panchayat Raj system. I have following specific objective for the study: Explore the factors that restrain or facilitate participation of Dalit women in rural Panchayat Raj. Examine the impact of political participation on Dalit women in Panchayat Raj. Study the empowerment process of Dalit women through the political participation in Panchayat Raj. To suggest recommendations for effective participation of Dalit women in Panchayat Raj Research Question: Based on the objectives of study I formulated my research question for the enquiry What are the experiences of Dalit women participating in panchayat raj? Has the political participation impacted Dalit womens empowerment? What have been the attributing/restraining factors for the empowerment of Dalit women? What are the achievements of their political participation for themselves and for the Dalit community they represent and for the society in general? Feminist approach: Within feminist social science research, qualitative data, in particular in-depth interviews have  ´held a prominent place in the history of feminist inquiry ´ (Rabinowitz and Martin, 2001:44 in Kitzenger2003:126). Focus groups methods are also employed along with such talk about experiences. These are self-report methods. My choice of topic and feminist orientation required to utilize this method. This goes back to second wave of feminism (1970s) that emphasized the reclaiming and validation of womens experiences through listening womens voices (Kitzenger, 2003:125, Kirsch, 1999:4). The personal experiences of women have also been recognized in political context since then. Further Feminist social science researcher made it general to base their studies on womens voices and experiences. In fact feminist researches aimed at listening to womens different voices ´ (Gilligan, 1982 in Kitzenger, 2003:126) and  ´to address womens lives and experiences in their own terms, to create theory grounded in the actual experiences and language of women (DuBois, 1983: 108 in Kitzenger, 2003:126). With this historical reference I decided to apply feminist approach a most suitable analytic framework in my study of Dalit women sharing their experiences of Political participation. Methodology: This section methodology brings out the processes through which data is collected, collated, analyzed and interpreted. This is aimed at increasing the reliability of the study for the further validation as research is performed in order to be used. The study primarily adopts a qualitative approach as it helps to understand the subject of study through the experiences of the Dalit women. The paper focuses on the political participation and its impact on Dalit women.   It attempts to look critically at political participation of Dalit women and the trends of political participation at local level since the 73rd amendment Act, 1992. It does it so by documenting experiences of Dalit women and analyzing the complexities involved due to caste-class-gender interplay in the political participation process of Dalit women. These questions will only be answered by talking to Dalit women who have participated in the political processes. A systematic and comprehensive documentation of Dalit womens experiences at local governance is thus needed. For this purpose I decided to conduct a focused study based on qualitative primary data collected through field work. Methodology is one of the important sections of my research paper as the process of qualitative enquiry through field work has taught me more about my research topic along with the literature. After a considerable thinking process I decided that the method should be suitable to the research questions that I intend to address. As the research focuses on Dalit womens experiences the best method was to record their experiences through in-depth interviews. I intentionally kept the interviews unstructured as its being qualitative in nature, provides greater breadth. In-depth unstructured interviews allow researcher to explore a theme without being restricted to a series of questions. I being from a Dalit community and having worked on the Dalit womens issues came to my advantages as the discussions with Dalit women were focused at the same time gave scope to them to talk out their experiences without any hindrances. The rapport building and trust was achieved very easily. I lived in the f ield place with respondents and in special cases (there are three main cases) I stayed with the respondents for more than two days in order to understand and document the various dimensions involved in political participation of Dalit women. I used a question guideline that was formulated through the discussion with the expert in the field of research methodology and local governance[1] Sampling: The purposive (non-probability) sampling was utilized based on focus of my study to document and assess the experiences of Dalit womens political participation in local politics. Intentional and directed selection of Dalit women at grassroots politics was employed.   CHR, SPMM activists helped me identify data. Only one woman declined to give interview. The reason she declined itself interprets the problem faced by Dalit woman, I was informed by the activists that she Eighteen Dalit women in total were identified from three blocks of Beed district out of ten blocks and one block of Latur district. I selected ten out of eighteen Dalit women on the basis of sampling objectivity and representation of differences within Dalit women. Also, their diverse experiences of political participation were considered.   The sample was based on following interconnecting criteria. Panchayats at village level (Gram-Panchayats) newly elected Scheduled caste women President at village level SC women who had been Ex-Presidents Dalit women serving more than one tenure Dalit woman who tried but not succeeded in accessing panchayat post Cases where no-confidence motion was exercised on the Dalit women presidents Cases where abuse, beating up and atrocity inflicted Success-stories of active participation Finally 9 Dalit women from Beed District and one from Latur district of Marathwada region were selected. Three cases emerged as a main focus during my field work due to the special experiences of respondents. Though the sample was purposive I balanced sub-castes within scheduled castes by having respondents from Mahar and Mang (major scheduled castes of Maharashtra). Efforts were taken to include respondents with wide range of age in this study. Data collection: In the month of July, 2009 I visited the identified field place, Beed District, Marathwada region, Maharashtra. I already had established contacts with a human rights organization Campaign for Human Rights in Beed and its sister organization, Savitribai Phule Mahila Mandal (SPMM) which works on the issue of gender justice and womens empowerment through self help group.   With the consultation of Manisha Tokle (The founding secretary of SPMM) and Ashok Tangade (National secretary of CHR) I identified potential respondents from the selected blocks of Beed Distict. They also put me in contact with the field workers of CHR who handled these blocks. Manisha, Ashok and field workers gave me enriched information based on their field work experiences. Being well-versed with the area made them experts in the psycho-social behavior of people and the cultural challenges. Their guidance and discussions after interviews has been very important as something new would always emerge out of these d iscussions which I might not had thought during the interview. Their interpretations of the cases gave me crystallized views.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CHR field activists from respective blocks accompanied me for every interview. They worked as informants. Their good rapports with the respondents, understanding of the region and the cultural meanings made my task easier. My own background being a Dalit woman was helpful in getting support from the respondents, establishing rapport and gaining their trust. In-depth unstructured interviews were recorded on the digital voice recorder. I maintained notes during and after every interview which helped me over come the problems in data analysis. The documentation of experiences of women was backed by my notes and suggestions from the field workers who discussed their interpretations after every interview. Informed consent: Before using the recorder I fully informed the respondents about the purpose of my study and the necessity to use the recorder Pictures of the respondents and the evidentiary documents wherever needed were taken for documentation. Interviews with expertise/ Key-Informants: I also consulted my ideas and paper with expertise as well as I interviewed key informants to gather their experiences in the field, on the issue FGD Area of study: The area of study was identified based on the characteristics of the region. The Marathwada region of the Maharashtra state was selected for the very peculiar reasons. First, Marathwada region being one of the most backward, feudal and atrocity prone regions of the Maharashtra state, second, a very special history of Dalit movement and violence against Dalits in the region and very importantly the right based work of Human rights organisations such as CHR, SPMM for the Dalit and womens upliftment. According to the first hand investigation and identification of cases I selected the following Blocks in Beed District and I took one exceptional case from Latur district that comes in Marathwada region itself.   1.1 Introduction The paper looks at how Dalit women, compared to women in general, are a different entity when they participate in Indias local self-governing institutions, known as Panchayat Raj Institutions. The 73rd Amendment of the Constitutional Act 1992, came into force in April 1993, providing an opportunity for Dalits and women – the most marginalised in the hierarchical Indian society – to participate in local-body elections at the village level. The Act, seeking to redress gender and caste inequities in rural India, provides 33% reservation to women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes in local bodies. Within this 33%, Dalit women are provided reserved seats on a rotating basis (meaning, every five or ten years the constituencies reserved for dalits and women are changed). After more than 15 years of the Act, Dalit and Dalit womens participation has been remarkably visible. However, we need to look critically at the term participation and what it entails—especially i n terms of the consequences dalit women face when they earnestly assert their rights. What is the role that the 73rd Amendment Act envisages for women and what is the real role they end up playing? There is a clash between the expected role of women and Dalit women because of the differential ways in which they negotiate their social status and gender norms. The new public role that the 1992 Act assigns them generates a clash between traditional norms and the achieved political rights of Dalit women. Violence exercised against women, and specifically against Dalit women, when they participate in political work, in indicative of the stratifications that obtain in the Indian social order. Vulnerably positioned at the bottom of Indias caste, class and gender hierarchies, Dalit women experience endemic gender and caste discrimination and violence as the outcome of severely imbalanced social, economic and political power equations (Irudayam et al 2006, pp.3). Within the oppressive social structure Dalit women become victim of violence if they transgress their rights and try to challenge their lower status. As gender violence, like any violence there are contexts, in relation to violence against Dalit women, the nature and dynamics of these contexts, relating to power and force, make them vulnerable and functions as a constrain to their agency and voice. This structural violence is an outcome of gender based inequalities perpetuated by patriarchal power relation also shaped, compounded and intensified by caste discrimination. Violence acts as a crucial social mechanism to maintain Dalit womens caste-gender subordination to men and that of the dominant caste men thereby subjugating both Dalit women and through them their community. Violence against women is gender-based and gender biased (Irudayam et al., 2006: 17) in the sense it the devaluates womens status in social order perpetuated by patriarchy and justified on the basis of perceived differences between male and female sexuality. In Indian context the caste ladder descending from purity to pollution, purest Caste men being on the top of the ladder whereas the polluted caste placed on the lower rung women are pushed even further down to the lowest rung. It works against their integrity as an individual; this is a violation of womens rights, such as their identity as a woman and dignity as an individual. Therefore violence in this sense means denial of rights as an individual and hindering womans development at various levels of integrity, as an Individual, as a woman in a family, a woman belonging to certain community and culture. Norwegian sociologist Johan Galtung defines Violence as avoidable insult to basic human needs; he identifies the basic human ne eds as survival, well-being, identity, and freedom (Galtung 1990 pp 292). 1.2 Being a Dalit and a Woman:   Caste-Gender Nexus Dalit women face collective and public threat or act of violence which discourage them from demanding their rights, it is effects of structures on individual agency that results in the gap between potential and actual fulfilment of rights. Retaliatory violence is exercised in response to dalit womens assertions for their rights by defying caste, untouchability norms or asserting their rights to cultural, economic and political resources. Dominant caste women tend to be subjected to violence more within the family due to strict control over their sexuality and freedom of movement again due to the caste factors, in order to preserve the purity and status of their caste. There have been movements through out the country making Dalits aware of their rights and also there have been feminist movements in India which took up issues of women subordination however looking at Dalit women as an imagined category (Rao, 2003: 1) and analysing the premises which prevent them from exercising their agency is yet the area of exploration. Imagining Dalit women as a different category as Bhagvat mentions is needed, because these feminist movements and Dalit movements lack a critical dimension from Dalit womans standpoint. Guru emphasises on this Point while he talks about politics of difference to bring out the specificity of Dalit womens subjugation. This subjugation is characterised by their experience of two distinct patriarchal structures a Brahmanical form of patriarchy that deeply stigmatizes Dalit women because of their caste status, as well as the control by Dalit men over the sexual and economic labour of their women (Guru in Rao 2003: 1). Political Participation for women means securing their entitlement to public resources, the economic resources they will avail as a result of participation for them and their community, the social and political benefits such as Development of the Dalit community in village, implementation of government schemes for Dalit more democratically due their representation.   With the strong patriarchal biases against women and marginalised Dalit, the dominant caste male members would not want these sections to equally enjoy the resources over which they had monopoly since long. There has a lot been written and debated around political participation of women and Dalits, conclusions are made that there has been fairly good representation in terms of number but the mere participation doesnt help these sections to exercise their rights. Nature of participation and effectiveness of the act has been assessed too, although with limited vision of looking only at the quantitative aspect of political participation. Very little has been studied on the gender-Caste nexus which denies the right of economic, political, social liberties to Dalit community as a whole and Dalit women within it. Political participation through Panchayat Raj Institution has given space for women to come out and talk about their grievances. The reservation has limited itself to space creation even though it implied the empowerment of women and there by making them equal partners in enjoyment of political, social, economical resource. It is seen that the oppressive social structures have reaffirmed their superiority by attacking women through new ways of oppression such as criminalisation of politics, starting right from the election process to making women mere proxies of their male counterparts. Violence in the process of Political participation to ensure womens non- participate and exercise their agency is a crucial aspect to study and to enhance policies which will cut across the structural inequalities of caste-class-gender and give dalit women an equal status. I want to study Violence experienced by women at different levels of participation and look at the specificity of violence experienced by Dalit women being trice oppressed due to their marginalised status as a Dalit, as a woman and as a lower class. Doing so my focus is at specificities of violence, Violence faced by women in general which is within their families and is built around the family prestige, there by controlling womens sexuality for the purity of their lineage and superior status. whereas dalit women not only face violence from their own family and community also from the dominant caste forces who ensure their superiority and control over resources by keeping the Lowest strata at its place who according to them are worth no social, economical and political rights. 1.3 Problem Statement According to the 2001 census there are 167 million Dalits (referred to the census as scheduled castes) in India, who remain vulnerable to discrimination, exploitation, and violence because of their socially marginal position assigned by Hindu social order. Indias hidden apartheid relegates Dalits to a life time of segregation and abuse. Caste-based divisions continue to dominate in housing, marriage, employment, and general social interaction—divisions that are reinforced through economic boycotts and physical violence (Hidden Apartheid 2007). The dalit woman faces Caste, Class and Gender discrimination because she is an untouchable, of a poor class and is a woman.   (National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights 2006) Dalit women in India today number 80.517 million or approximately 48% of the total Dalit population, 16% of the total female population and 8% of the total Indian Population (Irudayam et al., 2006). They make majority of unorganised labourer in urban settings and landless labourers in rural. They face discrimination on a daily basis, as a Dalit, as women and as a poor they are in extremely vulnerable position. Systemic violence against Dalit women can be seen as a mechanism to keep Dalit in a subordinated position. It is built in to the total structure of the dominant society, which does not acknowledge the basic human rights of Dalit in general and Dalit women in particular. The 73rd -74th Amendments, former being for rural local bodies and later for urban local councils brought about radical changes in womens representation in local bodies. The method of co-option where women are elected for the reserved seats on the consensus of the members of local panchayat body or nomination, Balwant Rai Mehta committee report proposed two women representatives each from Scheduled caste and scheduled tribe to be co-opted, these two procedures through which womens representation was ensured hitherto in the local bodies, has changed. Under the previous system, womens representation in local bodies was low and most women nominated to these bodies could hardly perform any functions. All the states except for Bihar (Santha, 1999) had conducted the elections to the local bodies in accordance with the 73rd-74th Amendments act, 1992 and almost one million women have been elected to the Panchayat Raj institutions and urban local bodies (I am focusing only at 73rd constitutio nal amendment act 1992 and PRIs and not on urban councils covered by the 74th Amendment, where he dynamics are different). This brought about a social change in terms of the traditional role of women; which used to be to take care of house hold chores and raise children and be inside the four walls all her life. Womens political empowerment finally seemed to be receiving some attention from both government and non-government organisations. Serious efforts are being made towards documenting womens political participation although it is limited to the Local self government. Questions of feasibility remain unanswered such as womens active participation, hidden domination (gender blindness) for instance in the budgeting process but also even in considering women as political entities, many treated women elected through reservation as a temporary members in Local body. The consequences of assertion resulting in discouragement, fragmentation and discrimination inflicting violence are yet to explore. Violence against Dalit women is utilised to deny them opportunities, choices and freedoms at multiple levels, undermining not only dalit womens dignity and self respect, but also their right to develop. An intersectional caste violence and atrocities against Dalit women occur at two levels: as an inherent part of the caste system whereby violence is utilised to reinforce caste norms and Dalit women are seen as legitimate target for all forms of violence, especially sexual violence, and when they transgress caste norms, such as caste endogamy or untouchability norms, or assert their rights over resources, public spaces or cultural spaces. In other words, the process of Dalit womens empowerment itself is perceived as a challenge to caste and patriarchal structures, and provides fertile ground for punitive violence committed by dominant castes. (Irudayam et al., 2006) Factors such as socio-cultural notion of womens role act as impediments in effective political participation hindering political empowerment of Women; When it comes to Dalit women these factors play much intense role and are specific for Dalit women due to their social status, denial and even no recognition to Dalit womens political rights result into violence. Cases such as denial from villagers for flag hoisting by Dalit women councillors on Independence Day, not being allowed to sit on the chair along with other members let alone talking in the meeting, Ignoring while they talk, use of abusing and discriminatory language, and humiliation on daily basis are experienced by most of the Dalit women who participate as elected members in local political arena. After encountering this reality one would question that would the thousands years old socially, culturally, economically and most importantly politically entrenched patriarchal caste system ensured the representation of disadvantaged groups in politics?   1.4 Rationale: Being a Dalit and a Woman My interest in the issue of Dalit Women comes from several different sources; first and foremost me being a Dalit woman. Being brought up with this identity and background, I got exposure to the problem faced by elders of the family and community. I feel my study would contribute in critically assess structural inequality causing Dalit suppression and specifically of the Dalit women in local politics. In the name of social discipline, social balance and to maintain this social balance, Dalits in general and Dalit wom

french war :: essays research papers

The French, after World War II wanted to control Indochina by returning the area to a pre-war colonial status, believing they were better suited to bring economic growth to that part of the world. The United States, a country which demanded self rule from England in 1776, plays the hypocrite by supporting France in order to secure Europe from Soviet expansion. How far does one go to stop another’s ideological beliefs? Do countries that practice freedoms of choice have a moral obligation to intervene in another’s affairs, or do they let those who reside there, determine their own future? At the end of World War II, Stalin and the Russian Empire took advantage of the weaken state of the European Theater by installing several puppet regimes in weaken countries, including Germany, Hungary, and Poland. This unchecked spread of communism was of great concern to the rest of Europe and the United States. Two countries with much to lose, Turkey and Greece were in urgent need of aid to assist in their reconstruction after the war. Their survival and resistance to communism were not only critical to Europe, but would hamper Russia’s unrestricted access to the Mediterranean Sea and controlling numerous seaports, including those in the Middle East. The Truman Doctrine not only assured assistance to Turkey and Greece, but created a policy of containment, allowing the communist block countries to exist, but not allow their policies to spread further into Europe. This stalemate between the European countries aligned with the United States and the Soviet Union created an â₠¬Å"Iron Curtain† across Europe, and with Russia’s successful test of an atom bomb an uneasiness across the globe was generated and the start of the â€Å"Cold War†. In order for the security of Europe to take hold, all countries within the European theater had to participate, this included the French. Prior to the start of the Second World War, France had several colonies set up in the Indochina area including Vietnam. As part of their agreement to participate in Europe’s security they wanted to reestablish these ties in Southeast Asia. In as much as the United States didn’t approve of colonization of Indochina, there were several factors that ultimately allowed them to say yes. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The security of Europe had to come first, at this time the issues in Southeast Asia were deemed non-issues. Thus we were willing to accept the French terms.

A Day in the Mind of an Anorexic Girl :: Papers

A Day in the Mind of an Anorexic Girl I am drifting, floating gently as if through clouds. Suddenly I am awake and my eyes open to complete darkness! Then I am no longer floating, as my feet hit the ground and I waver slightly, managing to stay balanced. I am in a massive, dark, open space but can vaguely make out jumbled images beginning to appear. I find myself trapped in a girl's mind. Not just any girl however; she has an eating disorder known as Anorexia Nervosa. As she opens her eyes, the vast space is lit up and I experience the confusion that is her mind. It is not a pretty sight. Everything seems to be mixed up. There is a sky above my head. Although it is light, it is not blue. It is more of a misty grey. The scenery is in complete disorder, with jagged pieces of what looks like rock and everyday items such as clothes, stationery and bits of paper lying haphazardly about the room. I turn around to see what the area behind me looks like and, as I do, a single red door appears as if out of nowhere, on one side. It has no hinges, and does not appear to be resting on anything, so I go to take a closer look. I turn the knob slowly and I carefully ease open the door. Behind it I see a girl, skin and bone, so thin that her eyes seem sunken into her face. She walks up to a mirror and, instead of seeing her true reflection, I see what she sees. She sees a large overweight girl who almost seems to grow fatter as you look at her, suffocating her! The girl looking in the mirror pulls her thin, dry, blonde hair back and takes a closer look at the distorted image of her face. Then, she lifts her large T-shirt slightly. It hangs loosely and reveals a tiny, shrunken torso. She pulls helplessly at her paper thin skin but the reflection, instead, shows the girl holding a handful of flab.

Marion Barry :: essays research papers fc

Marion Barry, good mayor but bad man. Marion Barry former Mayor of the United States capital. Most known in America for his "Bitch set me up", video taped, Ramada Inn arrest. Charged with possession of a controlled substance, he was still reelected in 1994. This proving Mayor Barry was respected by many Washington citizens and a good Mayor. Marion Barry was possibly a great man with great intentions but weaknesses to sex, drugs, racism and pressures of the position of taking care of a city. Marion Barry born in Mississippi 1936. Raised in a poor family with a yearly income of $250, Marion grew a hatred for the white ruled society around him. Wanting so much more than what he had Marion always struggled to earn as much money as he could. Marion had many jobs as a teenager and teachers often understood he was a very hardworking individual. Barry always stayed out of crime devoting himself to hard work at school and work. (Agronsky 79-85) Upon graduating from high school the same year of the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas Supreme Court case, Marion would be the first Barry to attend college (Agronsky 87). Growing up in the desegregation period of America shaped the racially focused person Marion Barry became. Marion Barry attended LeMoyne College in South-Memphis were he majored in Chemistry. Teachers and Students alike agree he studied Chemistry to be different from the rest of black students attending LeMoyne (Agronsky 87). Marion claims to have had very different values than others brought up in the same area as he and he was always an individual (Agronsky 88). Unlike many black students in the fifties Marion was very driven by a struggle for civil rights and racial equality. When LeMoyne trustee Walter Chandler made several anti-integration statements Marion took his first action against racism. He wrote a letter to the school newspaper demanding Chandler's resignation. The letter was eventuall y reprinted in several Memphis newspapers. Upon reading the letter the NAACP executive Roy Akins stepped in and Prendergast 2 heralded Marion as "one of the most righteous young men in Memphis!" (Agronsky 91). Even though the college was not very happy about Barry's remarks, the students and people of Memphis regarded him as a hero and a hope in the new civil rights movement "sweeping the south" (Agronsky 93). (Agronsky 90-93) While getting his Master's Degree in Chemistry at Fisk University in Nashville, Marion Barry would continue the struggle for integration.

Patients and Cancer

This paper explores different peer-reviewed articles that attempts to shed some light on the phenomenon of the lived experience of patients with cancer; supporting the fact that individuality is a huge factor in the care of cancer patients. Manu types of cancers exist and patients should be treated as individuals versus as a disease or diagnosis. As oncology nurses we accumulate knowledge on a daily basis that may be revised in practice. Therefore, it becomes our innate duty to visit the literature and gain the understanding and evidence that will help us in improving our practice of nursing.The articles, however, vary in the type of cancer with different treatment modalities and the collection methods but have the commonality of all participants being diagnosed with Cancer. The findings showed that patients have many unmet psychosocial and emotional needs among others but exercise hope when family support is present. These shortcomings or gaps in knowledge can alter how care is rece ived and administered. We as nurses, have a lot of work to do in assisting patients feel more individualized with the diagnosis of Cancer.Each day in practice we meet new patients and see old ones and we may see them smile or get sad or display other emotions but as nurses do not take enough time to find out what our patients face and how they handle their diagnoses of cancer. As nurses we get so wrapped up in our daily tasks. Cancer is an experience that can threaten not only the end of one’s life, but also touch all aspects of the person’s existence, making it significant to them and if it is significant to them then it should also be the same to us.Cancer also imposes so many burdens on patients, families and the society at large. So large that it is labeled the silent killer and will overtake disease as top killer by the end of 2010 (foxnews. com). I chose this topic because I realize the gap in knowledge and communication between what happens to patients between d iagnoses, treatment and discharge, up to the time they return for follow -up cycles to the time they may hear that the cancer has either metastasis or have been cured (in remission).Just knowing that your life will change is significant enough. We, as nurses are first line in the patient care area. The Doctor walks in and tells the patient that they have cancer and then walk out and the nurse is faced with the aftermath, the questions and the emotions that follow. The nurse is also the one that administers the chemotherapy and various radiation treatments and again is faced with questions and emotions. At discharge the nurse again becomes the one that is faced with questions and emotions.It may not be possible to answer all the questions and for the ones that we are not sure of, we can refer or ask the doctor to explain but having the knowledge of what it may be like for these cancer patients can help with how we approach these questions and the treatment options. Having this knowle dge can help in terms of support, teaching, prevention and alleviation of suffering, enabling us to give more culturally congruent care. Literature Review In Arber et al. s (2008) article on the lived experience of patients with pleural mesothelioma it was found that these patients had many unmet psychosocial and emotional needs and that there was a lack of information provided to patients . A feeling of isolation was also reported. All patients and care givers experienced frustration due to the physical experience (Arber et al. , 2008). It was showed that these patients wanted to tell their stories and wanted people to listen. The methodology was phenomenology which was appropriate for the study with unstructured interview questions allowing for participants to speak their mind and their experiences.As nurses sometimes we are unsure of what to say for fear of saying the wrong thing. There was also evidence of loss of intimacy with partners. Macmillan Cancer support (2006) states th at four out of ten couples where one partner has cancer report sexual problems (Arber et al. , 2008). The study was done only on patients with mesothelioma and was very small making it hard to generalize to other cancer areas. The patients and families were only from a specialist palliative community center assuming that these patients had incurable mesothelioma.Benzein et al. , (2005) studied cancer in palliative care in home care and made hope the center of the study. The findings showed that the participants used hope to live as normally as possible. The meaning of the experience of hope seemed to be a will to live for a while longer (Benzein et al. , 2005). The structural analysis revealed the hope of being cured, a hope of living as normally as possible, a presence of confirmative relationships and reconciliation with life and death.The commonality between this article and Arber et al. , 2008 is that these cancers were incurable, however in this article the study group was a mi x of males and females ages 54-83 with a median age of 65. The previous article failed to reveal the ages of the participants, making it difficult to impact practice. The other difference is that the latter was done in the patient’s own homes while the study on patients with mesothelioma was done in a different setting that may influence the outcome.Being surrounded by loved ones in the home setting would allow the patient to feel more human, than being in a hospital setting where they are just another patient and loved ones may not be able to visit at lib, which in the end has a negative impact on recovery. Demir et al. , (2008) in their quest to understand the experience of breast cancer survivors that underwent biopsies used a phenomenological approach to reveal three themes that were evident among participants, namely, the need for information, fear and spiritual needs.The study also suggests that results may be different considering different emotional investments in the ir breasts, sociocultural factors and age. The study was a very small group of twenty with the interviews being held in an unused room outside the clinic before the patients postoperative visits. Having the interviews on postoperative days may further aggravate feelings of fear that could invalidate the study. When compared to the study done by Perreault et al. , (2005) similarities were evident as participants exhibited fear and uncertainty. This study studied women with breast cancer and examined their experiences.Both studies used the interpretative phenomenological approach to gain insights. What this study included that would help with validity that Demir et al. , (2008) did not include was the staging. The staging of the cancer can have a great impact on the emotions and fear and response to experience. This sample size was only six person who lowered the reliability and generalizability. Lacey, (2005), researched breast cancer and support aides revealed that participants were identified as being too overwhelmed and stressed to make decisions about their care.They trusted their physicians to make the appropriate choices and appreciated and welcomed the support of family members. They also expressed hope. These same sentiments were echoed somewhat in Demir et al. , (2008) and Perreault et al. , (2005). All 3 studies involved breast cancer and the study method was the same and even though the same size and ages may have varied, it may prove to offer some insight as to what these women face adding to the validity. All 3 papers also suggest that more research may be necessary to facilitate the different decision- making and emotional abilities. The definite commonality expressed and assumed mong all these articles so far is the need for information especially at different stages. Molen, (2000) study sought to identify the different information needed for people with cancer. Adequate, appropriate and timely information can be a key element for many people in managing the experience of cancer. Different themes emerged from the research. There was a deficit in information regarding self-identity, body image, and family, social and work relationships. A cancer diagnoses impacts all areas of an individual’s life, and life management information is equally as important as medical information. Molen, 2000). Cancer was viewed as an intrusion and illness engendered feelings of vulnerability that impacted on their normal coping mechanisms. This research had six participants all with different types of cancer with ages ranging from 45 to 65. The end results showed feelings and questions received on a daily basis but the sample size was so small and the age range was so limited that may lessen the reliability. However, further research may be needed to identify the different ages when information becomes such a deciding factor or the processing of information since all the participants were older.Similarly, information needs proved to be a big part of the equation as evidenced in another research study done by Molen (2005). However the type of information, the amount and to what depth varied considerably between individuals proving that information needs are unlikely to remain static and consequently, will change throughout the cancer experience. The literature highlights the importance of information giving, however; many problems are encountered with its provision. People with cancer frequently express dissatisfaction with the information given to them and experience difficulty in retaining and processing information.The cancer experience invariably begins before the point of diagnoses and information needs clearly change over time. (Molen 2005) Jones et al. , (2006) in researching the lived experience showed similarity with the Molen, (2000) themes that emerged from the different stories including changing concepts of self, the significant of relationships, being different from the past and temporality. These patie nts were bone marrow transplant candidates who were experiencing a mountain of emotions that they believed were affecting them negatively.From their stories it was clear that all participants underwent many physical and emotional changes. Taking it to a different level Meenaghan et al. , (2010) researched elderly patients and their lived experience and concluded that all participants experienced fear and shock at diagnoses but also experienced hope despite their age. With good support from family and friends participants exhibited hope and revealed that they learned to cope with the diagnoses and its treatments. As expressed in Perreault et al. (2005), the same fear and uncertainty was revealed and the same method of data collection and interview was used. Walker et al. , (2009) attempted to understand the lived experience of cancer patients undergoing photodynamic therapy. Analysis of the data yielded six themes, the impact on day –to- day life, existential meaning, the phys ical effects of treatment, and the kaleidoscope of emotions, information gap and family burden. This article summarizes all the feelings expressed by all the previously reviewed articles.If not all a least one of the articles expressed the same feelings which leads nurses to believe that these are the expected emotions, fears and expressions that can be experienced and that we all should be mindful of the factors that to suffering and the nursing interventions that can be used to address these multiple dimensions of suffering. All these studies used the phenomenological approach which is appropriate and if not the interpretative design the descriptive. Sample sizes and ages vary but the information and end results remained the same or close to the same throughout this literature review.